May 12, 2024  
2018-2019 Undergraduate and Graduate Catalog 
    
2018-2019 Undergraduate and Graduate Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Courses


 

Kinesiology

  
  • KIN 478 - Psychological Aspects of Exercise and Fitness


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 300 , KIN 301 , KIN 312  and KIN 339 , or consent of instructor.
    Philosophical, psychological and behavioral concepts of physical activities and health states will be discussed. Professional standards and invention strategies will be covered.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Undergraduates register in KIN 478; graduates register in KIN 578 ; A written report is required for KIN 578 . Open to Fitness and Sport Psychology and Leadership students in Kinesiology only, or by consent of instructor or graduate standing. Double Numbered with: KIN 578 
  
  • KIN 483 - Statistics in Human Movement Science


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 300 , KIN 301 , KIN 312 .
    Evaluation and analysis of measuring devices and resulting data used in Kinesiology. Interpretation of data using appropriate statistical analyses.

    (Lecture 2 hours, Activity 2 hours)
  
  • KIN 487 - Supervised Activity Instruction Experience


    (1-3 units)

    Prerequisite: Upper division or graduate standing and consent of instructor.
    Experience in the organization of and methods for the activity component of a course in kinesiology. A written report is required for KIN 587 students. Undergraduates register in KIN 487; graduates register in KIN 587 . May be repeated to a maximum of 4 units. Letter grade only (A-F). Restricted to major students only. Not open for credit to graduate students with credit in KIN 487. (Conference 1 hour, Laboratory 2 hours per unit)

    KIN 587 
  
  • KIN 488A - Fundamentals in Sport Training and Research


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: A grade of “C” or higher in KIN 300 , KIN 301 , or KIN 312 , or consent of instructor.
    This is an introductory experience designed for students to obtain real world opportunities within the performance domain by understanding fundamental clinical, research, and professional skills associated with optimizing human performance.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (3 hours class activity).
  
  • KIN 488B - Advanced Sport Training and Research


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: A grade “C” or higher in KIN 488A , or consent of instructor. 
    An advanced course where students will learn to utilize various disciplines in human movement for the purposes of enhancing sport performance and conducting research.  Students will learn to design interventions, perform research, and work with athletes to optimize human performance.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (3 hours class activity).
  
  • KIN 489 - Field Work in Physical Activity Settings


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Completion of Kinesiology course requirements for the major Option in which field work is taken.
    Supervised practice in working with individuals or small to large groups in public or private agencies and schools.
    A. Fieldwork in Adapted Physical Education
    B. Fieldwork in Athletic Coaching
    D. Fieldwork in Fitness Additional Prerequisites: KIN 467 , completion of 200 hours in a corporate fitness setting, 200 hours in a traditional fitness setting, and 100 hours of approved fitness experience. Open to Fitness Option students in Kinesiology only.
    G. Fieldwork in Sport Training and Research

    Letter grade only (A-F). Course fee may be required.
  
  • KIN 494 - Exercise Science Internship


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Upper-division or graduate standing with a grade of “B” or better in KIN 300  for a biomechanics internship or KIN 301  for an exercise physiology internship or KIN 312  for a motor control and learning internship; consent of instructor required prior to registration.
    Provides practical experience in applying exercise science concepts in a fieldwork setting such as cardiac rehabilitation in a medical setting. Upper-division undergraduate students register in KIN 494; Graduate students register in KIN 594 .

    Letter grade only (A-F). Course fee may be required. KIN 594   May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units.
  
  • KIN 495 - Supervised Laboratory Methods


    (1-3 units)

    Prerequisites: Upper division or graduate standing and consent of instructor.
    Provides experience in the methods of the laboratory component for a Kinesiology course, for example, assisting students with their experiments and laboratory reports. Undergraduates register in KIN 495; graduates register in KIN 595 . A written report is required for KIN 595  students.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Conference 1 hour, Laboratory 2 hours per unit) KIN 595  May be repeated to a maximum of 4 units. Not open for credit to graduate students with credit in KIN 495. Restricted to Kinesiology major students only.
  
  • KIN 497 - Independent Study


    (1-3 units)

    Prerequisites: Major in Kinesiology, senior standing and consent of Kinesiology Department.
    Student will conduct independent library or laboratory research under the supervision of a faculty member and write a report of the investigation.

    Letter grade only (A-F). May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units.
  
  • KIN 499 - Selected Topics in Kinesiology


    (1-3 units)

    Group investigation of topics of current interest in kinesiology or athletics.

    May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units with different topics. Topics announced in the Schedule of Classes.
  
  • KIN 511 - Sports Marketing, Development, and Fund Raising


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing and a Baccalaureate Degree in Kinesiology/Physical Education or related field and admission to the Kinesiology Graduate Sports Management Program.
    Provides students with an overview of sport marketing. It presents basic marketing terminology and discusses the application of marketing concepts to the development and promotion of the business of sport.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 511A - Sport Marketing, Development, and Fundraising Management


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Graduate Standing; admission to the Graduate Program in Sport Management
    The application of marketing principles, research, segmentation, product development, pricing, event marketing, sponsorship, fundraising, consumer behavior, licensing, branding, advertising, and sales promotion within the context of effective sport marketing.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 511B - Sport Marketing, Development, and Fundraising Management


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Graduate Standing; admission to the Graduate Program in Sport Management
    Addresses various aspects of sport management including advertising, marketing platforms, social media program development, personal branding, sales development, sponsor motivations, sport philanthropy, crisis management, key performance indicators, public relations, consumer insights, and leveraging relationships

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 512 - Professional Ethics and Standards in Sport and Exercise Psychology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Open to Kinesiology majors only, or by consent of instructor.
    Examines legal and ethical issues associated with sport settings.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 513 - Personnel and Facility Management in Athletics


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing; admission into the Graduate Program in Sport Management.
    Examines the principles and practices associated with managing personnel and facilities in interscholastic, intercollegiate, amateur, international, and professional sport.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 514 - Sport Finance


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing; admission into the Graduate Program in Sport Management.
    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 515 - Sales: the Concept, the Pitch, the Close


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Graduate standing; admission into the Graduate Program in Sport Management.
    This course will expose students to ‘concept development,’ and will develop the ability to pitch the concept, and influence those decision makers who will decide the fate of their concept. This will be facilitated through practical application with experienced professionals. 

    Letter grading only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 521 - Foundations of Sport Management


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing; admission into the Graduate Program in Sport Management.
  
  • KIN 522 - Non-Traditional Activities in K-12 Physical Education


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Graduate standing; admission to the Master of Arts Program in Pedagogical Studies.
    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 524 - Analysis of Teaching in Physical Education


    (3 units)

    Analysis of teachers and teaching in physical activity environment: focus on developing observational competencies, analysis of research completed and future research designs.

  
  • KIN 525 - Instructional Design in Physical Education


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Undergraduate major in physical education, EDST 300.
    A systems approach to designing instruction for the physical education program.

  
  • KIN 526 - Applied Behavior Analysis in Physical Education


    (3 units)

    Application of applied behavior analysis principles to physical education (sport) with particular emphasis on single subject research designs and behavior analysis in the physical education setting.

  
  • KIN 527 - Physical and Motor Assessment


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 315  or equivalent and KIN 320  or equivalent. Upper-division undergraduate or Graduate standing.
    Upper-division undergraduate or Graduate standing. Includes the selection, evaluation, administration and interpretation of various tests used in the physical and motor assessment practices of individuals with disabilities. Consent of instructor required for graduate students prior to registration.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Requirement toward the Adapted Physical Education Specialist Credential. Upper-division students register in KIN 427 ; Graduate students register in KIN 527. (Lecture 2 hours, Activity 2 hours) KIN 427 
  
  • KIN 528 - Promoting Physical Activity and Fitness in K-12 Physical Education


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Graduate standing; admission to the Master of Arts Program in Pedagogical Studies.
    Develop physical education program plans that are in compliance with California State Content Standards for promoting physically active lifestyles and healthy physical fitness levels for all children, including those with special needs.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 529 - Positive Youth Development and Physical Activity


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate Standing; admission to the Master Program in Kinesiology.
    Course provides theoretical foundations and practical applications of positive youth development programs in physical activity settings. Emphasis placed on programs that serve youth through physical activity, with special emphasis on promoting levels of personal and social responsibility.

    Letter grade only (A-F) (2 hours lecture, 2 hours activity)
  
  • KIN 530 - Neuromotor Control


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing, KIN 312  or equivalent.
    Study of the neurological and muscular contributions to the control of human movement with emphasis on application of concepts to sports, physical activity, and human factors. Instruction is directed toward understanding the fundamental principles of motor control.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 537 - Physical Education for Special Populations


    (3 units)

    Foundations in the organization and conduct of Adapted Physical Education.

  
  • KIN 540 - Biomechanical Factors in Human Movement


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: KIN 300  or equivalent.
    Study of film, video and force plate data collection for human movement evaluation, including data smoothing techniques. Quantitative kinematic and kinetic analysis examples including gait, jumping and lifting activities. Comparison of 2D versus 3D analyses of movement activities.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 541 - Applied Biomechanics: Lifting and Work Capacity


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: KIN 300  or equivalent (Trigonometry and PHYS 100A  recommended).
    Study of the mechanical properties of bone, ligament, tendon and skeletal muscle. Development, description, and application of selected biomechanical models to the evaluation of weight‑lifting, rehabilitation exercises, and occupational lifting tasks. Critical analysis of methods used to assess strength.

    Letter grade only (A-F). KIN 441 
  
  • KIN 551 - Advanced Exercise Physiology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 301  or equivalent and BIOL 207  or equivalent.
    Advanced concepts in exercise physiology.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 552 - Exercise Testing and Training in Health and Disease


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 301  or equivalent and BIOL 207  or equivalent
    Physiological principles of exercise testing and exercise training in healthy individuals and patients with diseases such as coronary artery disease.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 553 - Environmental Aspects of Human Performance


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing; KIN 301  or equivalent with a grade of “C” or better or consent from the instructor.
    Study of the physiological responses and adaptations associated with exposure to environmental stressors including heat, cold, microgravity, air pollution, and elevated and reduced atmospheric pressures. Emphasis will be placed upon physical performance and its limitations under various environmental conditions.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 560 - Health Related Problems in Sport


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 207 and KIN 301  or their equivalents and BIOL 207  and BIOL 208  or their equivalents.
    Examination of health problems related to engaging in vigorous physical activity.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 561 - Musculoskeletal Injuries in Sport


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 207 and KIN 300  or their equivalents and BIOL 208  or its equivalent.
    An in‑depth study of the most prevalent musculoskeletal injuries occurring in sports activities, including mechanisms, tissue responses, and management procedures.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 562 - Advanced Strength and Conditioning


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 300 , KIN 301 .
    Study of biomechanical and kinesiological factors which are important in understanding the function and proper techniques for execution of a wide variety of standard and advanced weight training exercises. Physiological bases for strength training and adaptations caused by different training regimes are emphasized.

    Letter grade only (A-F). KIN 462 
  
  • KIN 565 - Clinical Exercise Electrocardiography


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: BIOL 207 , KIN 301 , and/or consent of instructor.
    Study physiology and patho‑physiology of electrical activity of the heart. Instruction directed toward pattern recognition of normal and abnormal resting and exercise electrocardiograms.

    KIN 465 
  
  • KIN 566 - Biochemical and Hormonal Adaptations to Physical Activity


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Upper-division undergraduate or Graduate standing; KIN 301  or equivalent; CHEM 111A  or its equivalent. Consent of instructor required for upper-division undergraduate students prior to registration.
    Study of biochemical and hormonal changes that occur as a result of acute and chronic physical activity. Emphasis on application of concepts to development of exercise training programs. Upper-division undergraduate students register in KIN 466 ; graduate students register in KIN 566.

    Letter grade only (A-F). KIN 466 . Same course as FCS 566. Not open for credit to students with credit in FCS 566.
  
  • KIN 568 - Nutrition for Exercise and Performance


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: NUTR 132 , KIN 301  for the KIN Fitness option and the KIN Exercise Science option or BIOL 207  for the Nutrition and Dietetics option.
    Explores the role nutrients play in exercise and performance enhancement. Topics include evaluation of energy needs during physical activity, examination of weight management practices, assessment of nutritional status, and investigation of contemporary dietary issues related to exercise.

    Letter grade only (A-F). KIN 468 . Same course as FCS 568 . Not open for credit to students with credit in FCS 568 . Open to all graduate Kinesiology students in the Adapted Physical Education, Coaching and Student Athlete Development , Pedagogical Studies (for K-12 teachers), Sport Management, Individualized Studies, Exercise Science, Exercise Physiology and Nutrition, Sport and Exercise Psychology, and Sports Medicine and Injury Studies options and M.S. students in the Nutritional Science without Dietetic Internship, Nutritional Science with Dietetic Internship, and Food Science emphases and/or consent of instructor.
  
  • KIN 572 - Applied Sport Psychology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Open to Kinesiology majors only, or by consent of instructor.
    Application of psychological skills and interventions to enhance athletic performance.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Graduates register in KIN 572; undergraduates register in KIN 472 . A written report is required for KIN 572 students. Open to Sport Psychology and Leadership students in Kinesiology only, or by consent of instructor or graduate standing. Double Numbered with: KIN 472 
  
  • KIN 574 - Introduction to Sport and Exercise Psychology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Graduate standing or consent of instructor
    An in-depth study of the primary theories and tenants of sport and exercise psychology.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (3 hours seminar)
  
  • KIN 575 - Psychology of Coaching


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 339 . Open to Sport Psychology and Leadership students in Kinesiology only, or by consent of instructor or graduate standing.
    Current topics of psychological concern and application as related to athletic performance.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Graduates register in KIN 575; undergraduates register in KIN 475 . A written report is required for KIN 575. KIN 475  Open to Sport Psychology and Leadership students in Kinesiology only, or by consent of instructor or graduate standing.
  
  • KIN 576 - Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: KIN 696  or consent of instructor
    Designed to add to students’ existing knowledge of statistical methods in sport and exercise psychology by covering some of the more advanced statistical techniques used in the sport and exercise psychology field.

    Letter grade only (A-F)
  
  • KIN 577 - Sport in U.S. Culture


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Open to Kinesiology majors only, or by consent of instructor.
    Analysis of physical activities in U.S. culture. Consideration of the relationships between sports and games and the factors of status, values, environment and cultural change.

  
  • KIN 578 - Psychological Aspects of Exercise and Fitness


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Open to Kinesiology majors only, or by consent of instructor.
    Philosophical, psychological and behavioral concepts of physical activities and health states will be discussed. Professional standards and invention strategies will be covered.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Graduates register in KIN 578; undergraduates register in KIN 478 ; A written report is required for KIN 578. Open to Fitness and Sport Psychology and Leadership students in Kinesiology only, or by consent of instructor or graduate standing. Double Numbered with: KIN 478 
  
  • KIN 579 - Psychological Aspects of Sport Injury


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Graduate standing or consent of instructor
    Psychological factors and intervention strategies as they relate to risk, experience, and treatment of athletic injuries from a biopsychosocial perspective.

    Letter grade only (A-F)
  
  • KIN 580 - Computer Applications in Physical Education


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing, consent from instructor. Introduction to computer hardware and software used in Kinesiology including DOS/Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems.
    Introduction to computer hardware and software used in Kinesiology including DOS/Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems. Topics include: hardware, operating systems, word-processing, spreadsheets, data exchange, presentation graphics/authoring tools, and video capture. Emphasis will be placed on integrating the use of hardware and software into a variety of Physical Education environments.

  
  • KIN 587 - Supervised Activity Instruction Experience


    (1-3 units)

    Prerequisite: Upper division or graduate standing and consent of instructor.
    Experience in the organization of and methods for the activity component of a course in kinesiology and physical education. Undergraduates register in KIN 487 ; graduates register in KIN 587. A written report is required for KIN 587 students.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Restricted to major students only. (Conference 1 hour, Laboratory 2 hours per unit) KIN 487   Not open for credit to graduate students with credit in KIN 487 . May be repeated to a maximum of 4 units.
  
  • KIN 591 - Field Studies in Sport Event Management


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing; admission into the Graduate Program in Sport Management.
    Practical field-based course requires students to complete 15 hours of classroom seminar instruction and 120 hours of supervised practical experience in a managed sport setting.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 592A - Sports Management Internship


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing; admission into the Graduate Program in Sport Management.
    A minimum of 20 hours per week for 16 weeks of supervised work experience in an approved sport management/administrative setting, jointly supervised by a University Faculty member and a supervisor from the assigned organization.

    Letter grade only (A-F). May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units. May be in a paid or volunteer capacity. Note: 6 units in one semester may not be taken if student is full‑time employed.
  
  • KIN 593A - Coaching Internship


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Bachelor degree with a major or minor in Kinesiology or Physical Education or an approved related major; advancement to candidacy and approval of Intern Coordinator.
    A minimum of 20 hours per week for 16 weeks of supervised work experience in an approved coaching setting, jointly supervised by a University Faculty member and a supervisor from the assigned organization.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Course fee may be required. May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units. May be in a paid or volunteer capacity. Note: 6 units in one semester may not be taken if student is full‑time employed.
  
  • KIN 593B - Coaching Internship


    (6 units)

    Prerequisites: Bachelor degree with a major or minor in Kinesiology or Physical Education or an approved related major; advancement to candidacy and approval of Intern Coordinator.
    A minimum of 40 hours per week for 16 weeks of supervised work experience in an approved coaching setting, jointly supervised by a University Faculty member and a supervisor from the assigned organization.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Course fee may be required. May be in a paid or volunteer capacity. Note: May not be taken if student is full‑time employed.
  
  • KIN 594 - Exercise Science Internship


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Upper division or graduate standing with a grade of “B” or better in KIN 300  for a biomechanics internship or KIN 301  for an exercise physiology internship or KIN 312  for a motor control and learning internship. Consent of instructor required prior to registration.
    Consent of instructor required prior to registration. Provides a minimum of 120 hours of practical experience in applying exercise science concepts in a fieldwork setting. Will provide such experiences as conducting the biomechanical/ physiological exercise testing and/or leading the exercise training of selected subject populations such as patients undergoing cardiac rehabilitation, asymptomatic adults, and athletes. Upper-division undergraduate students register in KIN 494 ; Graduate students register in KIN 594.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Course fee may be required. KIN 494   May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units.
  
  • KIN 595 - Supervised Laboratory Methods


    (1-3 units)

    Prerequisites: Upper division or graduate standing and consent of instructor.
    Experience in the organization of and methods for a laboratory in kinesiology and physical education. Includes assisting students with their experiments and laboratory reports. Undergraduates register in KIN 495 ; graduates register in KIN 595) A written report is required for KIN 595 students.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Restricted to Kinesiology major students only. (Conference 1 hour, laboratory 2 hours per unit) KIN 495   May be repeated to a maximum of 4 units. Not open for credit to graduate students with credit in KIN 495 .
  
  • KIN 597 - Independent Research


    (1-3 units)

    Prerequisites: Consent of Kinesiology faculty member and graduate advisor.
    Independent research under the guidance of a faculty member. Varied learning activities utilized to achieve competency related to Physical Education not offered in regular classes. Written report required.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Independent Study)
  
  • KIN 630 - Seminar in Motor Learning


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 312  and KIN 696  (may be taken concurrently).
    Identification and analysis of motor learning principles and theories applicable to training, learning, and rehabilitation in sport, physical education, recreation, and therapeutic settings.

  
  • KIN 633 - Seminar in Sport Psychology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: KIN 339  or consent of instructor.
    Study of psychological theories and their relationship to human behavior in sport and other physical activity settings.

    Course may be repeated to a maximum of 6 units with different topics in different semesters.
  
  • KIN 638 - Seminar in Trends in Adapted Physical Education


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 537  or equivalent.
    An examination and analysis of the current trends in Adapted Physical Education.

  
  • KIN 671 - Seminar in Current Trends and Issues in Kinesiology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Graduate standing.
    Examines current trends and issues in Kinesiology, develop and defend personal perspective on significant issues, and identify problems and develop plans for problem-solution In organizational/professional contexts.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 694 - Capstone in Kinesiology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: KIN 696  and admission into a Kinesiology graduate program.
    Focuses on the process, production, and presentation of research projects in Kinesiology.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • KIN 695 - Seminar in Professional Literature


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Graduate standing; admission into the Graduate Program in Sport Management
    Critical analysis and synthesis of professional literature in Kinesiology. Professional portfolio required to be submitted during the class. Required of all candidates not electing thesis option.

  
  • KIN 696 - Research Methods and Statistical Analysis


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Undergraduate major in Kinesiology or related field, undergraduate Statistic course or equivalent.
    Methodological approaches to contemporary problems in Kinesiology, including research design, data collection and analysis, and application of descriptive and inferential statistics.

  
  • KIN 697 - Directed Studies


    (1-3 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 696  and advancement to candidacy.
    Research in an area of specialization under the direction of a faculty member.

  
  • KIN 698 - Thesis/Project


    (1-6 units)

    Prerequisites: KIN 696  and advancement to candidacy.
    Planning, preparation and completion of an approved thesis/project.

    May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units with same topic in different semesters.
  
  • KIN 699 - Selected Topics in Kinesiology


    (3 units)

    Intensive study of salient problems of current professional importance to experienced physical educators.

    May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units with different topics. Topics announced in the Schedule of Classes.
 

Page: 1 | 2