Apr 26, 2024  
2018-2019 Undergraduate and Graduate Catalog 
    
2018-2019 Undergraduate and Graduate Catalog [ARCHIVED CATALOG]

Courses


 

Geology

  
  • GEOL 102 - Planet Earth


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: Completion of or concurrent enrollment in a course that fulfills the A.1 GE requirement and three years of high school mathematics including algebra, geometry, and intermediate algebra (or MATH 10) or the equivalent. 
    Recommended: Concurrent enrollment in GEOL 104  or GEOL 105  
    Broad based introductory study of geology. Structure, composition, distribution, and modification of earth materials and elementary geologic history of the Earth.

    (Lecture, demonstration 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 104 - Planet Earth Lab


    (1 unit)

    Prerequisites/Corequisites: A course that fulfills the A.1 GE requirement and three years of high school mathematics including algebra, geometry, and intermediate algebra or the equivalent, and concurrent or prior enrollment in GEOL 102 .

    Laboratory study of earth materials.

    (Laboratory 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 105 - Geology Field Laboratory


    (1 unit)

    Prerequisites/Corequisites: A course that fulfills the A.1 GE requirement and three years of high school mathematics including algebra, geometry, and intermediate algebra or the equivalent, and concurrent or prior enrollment in GEOL 102 .

    Field trips to areas of geologic significance and field study of earth materials.

    Course fee may be required for bus trips. (Field trips, 6 days per unit.) May be repeated to a maximum of 3 units with consent of instructor.
  
  • GEOL 106 - Earth Science for Teachers


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites/Corequisites: A course that fulfills the A.1 GE requirement and three years of high school mathematics, including algebra, geometry, and intermediate algebra or the equivalent.

    Introduction to earth science including geology, oceanography, meteorology, solar system and astronomy. Scientific method addressed. Methods of teaching science to K-8 pupils.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture, demonstration 3 hours., laboratory 3 hrs., field trips.)
  
  • GEOL 110 - Natural Disasters


    (3 units)

    Recommended: Concurrent enrollment in GEOL 110L .
    Prerequisites/Corequisites: Courses that fulfill the GE A.1 and B.2 requirements.

    Introductory study of Earth’s natural processes that severely impact humans. Includes study of processes causing natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, tsunamis, and asteroid impacts.

    (Lecture 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 110L - Natural Disasters Laboratory


    (1 unit)

    Corequisite: GEOL 110 .
    Laboratory analysis of geological data and field observations of geologic features associated with natural disasters.

    Course fee may be required. (Laboratory 3 hrs, field trips).
  
  • GEOL 160 - Introduction to Oceanography


    (3 units)

    Origin and extent of oceans, nature of ocean floor, and cause and effect of currents, tides, and waves; and life in the ocean.

    (Lecture, discussion 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 160L - Introduction to Oceanography Laboratory


    (1 unit)

    Prerequisites/Corequisites: A course that fulfills the A.1 GE requirement and three years of high school mathematics including algebra, geometry, and intermediate algebra (MAPB 7) or the equivalent; and previous credit or concurrent registration in GEOL 160 .

    Field and laboratory study of marine environment. Analysis of maps, plus shore and on-water trips for experience in use of oceanographic instruments. Analysis and interpretation of results.

    Course fee may be required. (Laboratory-field 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 190 - Environmental Geology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites/Corequisites: A course that fulfills the A.1 GE requirement and three years of high school mathematics including algebra, geometry, and intermediate algebra or the equivalent.

    Interrelationships between humans and hazards: landslides, floods, erosion, subsidence, volcanism, earthquakes, and seismic sea waves. Origin of resources and impacts of resource development: water, soils, and energy. Waste and waste disposal.

    (Lecture 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 191 - Air and Water Pollution


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites/Corequisites: A course that fulfills the A.1 GE requirement and three years of high school mathematics including algebra, geometry, and intermediate algebra or the equivalent.

    Survey course dealing with the causes and nature of pollution in the air, groundwater, fresh water lakes and streams, and the ocean. Effects of air and water pollution on the environment.

    (Lecture 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 240 - Historical Geology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisite: GEOL 106  or both GEOL 102 , GEOL 104 .
    History of earth and evolution of animals and plants.

    (Lecture 3 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs., field trips.)
  
  • GEOL 250 - Introduction to Field Petrology and Geological Field Techniques


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 102  with GEOL 104  or GEOL 105 ; or GEOL 106 ; all with grades of “C” or better.
    Corequisite: GEOL 240 .
    Identification and description of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks in the field. Development of fundamental geological field techniques: recording, collection, and interpretation of geological field data. Creation and interpretation of geological maps, writing technical reports, and construction of geological illustrations.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 1 hour, weekend field trips.)
  
  • GEOL 280 - Water Resources and Society


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 102 , GEOL 104 . Four years of high school mathematics
    Hydrologic, geologic, and other factors controlling groundwater and surface water occurrence, movement, quality, and contamination. Environmental effects of groundwater and surface water contamination.

    (Lecture 3 hours; field trips)
  
  • GEOL 300 - Earth Systems and Global Change


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GE Foundation requirement, upper division standing, and CHEM 100  or CHEM 111A  or GEOL 102  or GEOL 106  with a grade of “C” or better.
    Interaction of Earth’s systems (biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, and atmosphere) and links between life, oceans, climate, and the solid earth. This approach is used to understand important issues confronting society regarding climatic and environmental change.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 303 - Coastal Systems and Human Impacts


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite(s): GE Foundation requirement, one or more Exploration courses from the B1 category, and upper-division standing; Recommended: GEOL 102  or GEOL 110  or GEOL 160 .
    Natural processes impacting human activities in coastal zone and human influence on natural processes. Includes global warming, sea level rise, El Nino, port development, ocean outfalls and water quality, fisheries, and coastal erosion.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs.) May not apply units towards elective requirements of Geology and Earth Science majors. Double Numbered with: Not open for credit to students with credit in BIOL 303.
  
  • GEOL 322 - Crystallography and Mineralogy


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 250 ; CHEM 111A 
    Morphological and structural crystallography, crystal structure, chemistry, classification, origin, occurrence, and association of minerals reviewed. Analysis and identification of minerals by megascopic, qualitative, chemical, and instrumental means.

    (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs., field trip)
  
  • GEOL 326 - Optical Mineralogy


    (2 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 250 ; a passing score on the Chemistry Placement Examination or CHEM 111A ;
    Corequisite/Prerequisite: GEOL 322 .

    Review of morphological and optical properties of minerals including basics of the nature of light. Use of petrographic microscope in rock and mineral examination.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • GEOL 339 - Introduction to Geomorphology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 102  with GEOL 104  or GEOL 105 ; or GEOL 106 ; or GEOG 140 .
    Study of landforms and processes producing and modifying them. Emphasis on mechanics of geomorphic processes and relationships between properties of earth materials and forces applied to them by gravity, wind, ice, water, waves, and humans. Conceptual basis of geomorphology addressed. Designed for Geology, Geography, Biology, Anthropology, and Civil Engineering majors.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs., field trips).
  
  • GEOL 341 - Paleontology and Biostratigraphy


    (4 units)

    Prerequisite: GEOL 240  and GE Life Science requirement B.1.a.
    Morphologic, systematic, and ecologic aspects of invertebrate fossils; methods and techniques in collection, preparation, illustration, and description of fossils; uses of fossils in stratigraphic work; principles of biostratigraphy.

    Course fee may be required. (Lecture 3 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs., fieldtrips)
  
  • GEOL 350 - Spring Field Geology


    (2 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 250  and GEOL 443  with grades of “C” or better.
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: GEOL 433 .

    Development of proficiency in geological mapping skills. Construction of stratigraphic columns and structural cross sections.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Field trips, 5 days per unit)
  
  • GEOL 370 - Geology for Engineers


    (2 units)

    Prerequisite: C E 200 
    Earth processes and materials which influence the design, construction and operation of engineering works, construction materials. Not open for credit to geology majors.

    (Lecture 2 hrs., field trips.)
  
  • GEOL 420 - Geologic Writing


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GE Foundation completed, upper division standing, GEOL 102 , GEOL 104 , GEOL 240 , GEOL 250 ; and at least 6 units of Geology courses at 300-level or above. Students must have scored 11 or higher on the GWAR Placement Examination or completed necessary portfolio course that is a prerequisite for a GWAR Writing Intensive Capstone.
    A writing-intensive capstone. Writing for a geological audience; writing scientific/geological content at an advanced level emphasized. Journal articles and abstracts reviewed. Includes handling scientific data, distinction between data and interpretation, logic and argument, clarity of style, and types of writing (abstracts, proposals, articles, etc.). Library search methods. Extensive writing, editing, and peer review. Enrollment limited.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 1 hr. and laboratory (6 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 426 - Igneous Metamorphic Petrography Laboratory


    (1 unit)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 322  and GEOL 326 ;
    Prerequisite/Corequisite: GEOL 428 

    Laboratory microscopic analysis of igneous and metamorphic rocks, including fabric and mineral content.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Laboratory 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 428 - Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology and Petrography


    (3 units)

    Magmatic and metamorphic rock bodies and systems characteristics, including mineralogical and chemical aspects. Fabrics’ origin, evolution of igneous and metamorphic rocks, modeling of magma genesis. Microscopic, hand specimen and x-ray analysis of rocks, including fabric and mineral content.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs., field trips)
  
  • GEOL 433 - Structural Geology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 250 , GEOL 322 ; PHYS 151 .
    Theories/principles of structural geology, orogenesis, and tectonics. Planar/linear structures in naturally deformed rocks. Description, classification, interpretation, and kinematic and dynamic analysis of faults/folds. Field measurement, analysis and mapping of structures. Deformation, strength, fracture, and rheological properties of rocks.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs., required field trips)
  
  • GEOL 443 - Stratigraphy/Sedimentology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 420 , GEOL 322 .
    Introduction to sedimentology and stratigraphy, flow mechanics and sedimentary structures, laboratory and field methods or the description and classification of sedimentary rocks, depositional systems, sequence stratigraphy, subsurface stratigraphic ethods, sedimentation and tectonics, and preparation of sedimentologic field reports.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs., required field trips) Not open for credit to students with credit in GEOL 343.
  
  • GEOL 444 - Engineering Geology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 250 , GEOL 433 ; MATH 122 , MATH 123 ; PHYS 151 , PHYS 152 .
    In depth study of the fundamentals of engineering geology and related hazards. Topics covered include rock and soil mechanics, active faulting, landslides, coastal and fluvial processes.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs.; field trips.)
  
  • GEOL 445 - Paleoclimatology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: ES P 200  or GEOG 340  and GEOG 200  (or equivalent) or consent of instructor. Methods and theories used in reconstructing
    Methods and theories used in reconstructing and dating climates of the past 2 million years, using such proxies as sediment sequences, packrat middens, ice cores, tree rings, corals, and documentary data. Causes of environmental change and human interactions are analyzed.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hours, lab activities 2 hours) Same course as GEOG 445 . Not open for credit to students with credit in GEOG 445 .
  
  • GEOL 450 - Summer Field Geology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 350 , GEOL 428 , GEOL 433 , and GEOL 443 .
    An integrative learning capstone. Four weeks of geological field mapping at a selected area. Preparation of geological reports of the field problems.

    (Lecture as needed, daily field work)
  
  • GEOL 460 - Introduction to Geophysics


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: PHYS 151 , PHYS 152 ; and MATH 123 , all with a grade of “C” or better.
    Introduction to geophysics; principles and processes; methods of investigation.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs., field trips.)
  
  • GEOL 461 - Introduction to Geochemistry


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: CHEM 111A , CHEM 111B  and MATH 123 .
    Abundance and migration of elements in the earth; chemical processes in evolution of earth and its crust including geochemistry of organic compounds.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 462 - Physics and Chemistry of the Earth’s Interior


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 240 , GEOL 428 ; PHYS 152 .
    Structure and composition of the Earth’s interior. Origin and evolution of the Earth. Review of geophysical data, petrologic analyses, and other types of evidence for Earth structure and compositional models.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 465 - Physical and Chemical Oceanography


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: CHEM 111B ; PHYS 100A  or PHYS 151 , and upper division standing in the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics or Engineering.
    Physics and chemistry of the oceans, carbon cycle; minor and trace elements in sea water, nutrients, water masses and currents; physical concepts and interpretative theories related to ocean circulation.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 466 - Oceanography Laboratory and Ocean Studies


    (1 unit)

    Prerequisite/Corequisite: GEOL 465 .

    Analysis and interpretation of oceanographic data, acquisition of data at sea on field trip, and post-cruise analysis and presentation of results.

    (Laboratory 3 hrs., sea trips.) Not open for credit to students with credit in GEOL 462 .
  
  • GEOL 474 - Physical Hydrology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 102 , MATH 122 ; PHYS 151 . (Undergraduates enroll in GEOL 474; graduates enroll in GEOL 574 .)
    Quantitative study of the terrestrial water cycle; prediction and measurement of precipitation, surface water, soil water, and groundwater.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 2 hrs, lab/field trips 3 hrs) GEOL 574  
  
  • GEOL 477 - Hydrogeology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 102 , GEOL 104 ; CHEM 111B ; PHYS 152 ; MATH 123 . (Undergraduates enroll in GEOL 477; graduates enroll in GEOL 577 .)
    Groundwater flow, occurrence, development, chemistry, and contamination. Elementary groundwater flow theory. Well hydraulics.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs.) GEOL 577  
  
  • GEOL 489 - Current Topics in Geological Sciences


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
    Topics of current interest in the geological sciences selected for intensive development.

    Field trips may be required. (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs.) May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units.
  
  • GEOL 490 - Current Topics in Geological Science


    (1-3 units)

    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
    Topics of current interest in the geological sciences selected for intensive development.

    Field trips may be required. May be repeated to a maximum of 6 units.
  
  • GEOL 496 - Investigations in Geology and Other Earth Sciences


    (1-4 units)

    Prerequisites: Senior standing in geology, earth science or related fields, completion of an upper division course in geology or earth science in the area of the topics chosen and approval of the topic chosen by the Geological Sciences faculty.
    Supervised research in geology or the other earth sciences.

    Field trips may be required.
  
  • GEOL 500 - Introductory Graduate Seminar


    (1 unit)

    Prerequisite: Graduate standing.
    Introduction to graduate policies and faculty research in Geological Sciences. Abstracts on faculty presentation required of all students.

    Credit/No Credit grading only. (Seminar 1 hr.) Course cannot be counted for program requirements for the M.S degree in Geology. May be repeated to a maximum of 3 units.
  
  • GEOL 510 - Biogeochemical Cycles


    (3 units)

    Study of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and sulfur cycles among the bio-, hydro-, and geospheres with an emphasis on transfer rates, mass balance, and residence times. Evaluation of processes and interactions among key ecosystems (wetlands, rivers, ocean, lakes, estuaries).

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 524 - Sedimentary Petrology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 322  and GEOL 443 .
    Microscopic and macroscopic study of the origin and diagenesis of sedimentary rocks. Identification of grain types, textures, structures, and cements emphasizing provenance, paleotectonics, paleoenvironmental reconstructions, and post-depositional alteration.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 530 - Seminar in Structural Geology and Tectonics


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: GEOL 433 
    Review of analysis, interpretation and origin of geologic structures, mechanics of rock deformation and of large scale crustal deformation.

    (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs.; field trips.
  
  • GEOL 531 - Tectonic Geomorphology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisite: GEOL 433 
    Observation and analysis of Earth surface processes, and development of landforms and landscape. Interaction between surficial processes and tectonic, biologic, hydrologic, climatic, and atmospheric processes. Tectonic generated landforms, earthquake hazards evaluated, and geomorphic assessment. Assessing problems including landforms and environmental hazards.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 6 hrs., field trips).
  
  • GEOL 537 - California Geology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 433 , GEOL 450 .
    Examination of recent theories concerning evolution of California’s geological provinces; geological, geochemical, and geophysical evidence for these theories.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs., field trips.)
  
  • GEOL 541 - Seminar on Mass Extinctions


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 341 , GEOL 443 , GEOL 461 .
    Study of the nature, causes, and stratigraphic record of mass extinction events in Earth history.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (seminar 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 543 - Seminar on Integrated Stratigraphy


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 341 , GEOL 443 , GEOL 461 .
    Study of all stratigraphic subdisciplines and their integrated use for effecting high-resolution stratigraphic correlations.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Seminar 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 554 - Environmental Geochemistry


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: CHEM 111B  and consent of instructor.
    Geochemical cycles. Human interference with cycles. Trace elements, health and agriculture. Clay mineral reactions. Groundwater chemistry. Reading and discussion of research articles; projects in environmental geochemistry.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs., field trips)
  
  • GEOL 555 - Stable Isotopes


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 102 , CHEM 111B .
    Fractionation of stable isotopes, mass spectrometry, application of stable isotopes to geologic, ecologic, and archaeological studies such as paleoclimatology, petrologic studies, paleodiet analysis.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Lecture 3 hrs.
  
  • GEOL 570 - Special Topics in Geology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
    Investigation of selected topics in geology.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Seminar, 3 hrs.) May be repeated to a maximum of 9 units toward any single degree with different topics. Seminars with field trips as appropriate. May be repeated to a maximum of 9 units with different topics in different semesters.
  
  
  • GEOL 574 - Physical Hydrology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 102 , MATH 122 ; PHYS 151 . (Undergraduates enroll in GEOL 474 ; graduates enroll in GEOL 574.)
    Quantitative study of the terrestrial water cycle; prediction and measurement of precipitation, surface water, soil water, and ground water.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 2 hrs, lab/field trips 3 hrs) GEOL 474  
  
  • GEOL 575 - Advanced Topics in Sedimentology


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
    Investigation of topics in sedimentology such as depositional facies analysis, basin evolution, coastal processes, fluvial processes, advanced stratigraphic analysis, and tectonics and sedimentation. Content varies form year to year.

    Letter grade (A-F). (Seminar 3 hrs.) May be repeated to a maximum of 9 units toward any single degree with different topics in different semesters. Seminars with field trips as appropriate.
  
  • GEOL 577 - Hydrogeology


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 102 , GEOL 104 ; CHEM 111B ; PHYS 152 ; MATH 123 . (Undergraduates enroll in GEOL 477 ; graduates enroll in GEOL 577.)
    Groundwater flow, occurrence, development, chemistry, and contamination. Elementary groundwater flow theory. Well hydraulics.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs.) GEOL 477  
  
  • GEOL 579 - Applied Groundwater Modeling


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 102 , GEOL 104 , GEOL 477 /GEOL 577 ; PHYS 152 ; MATH 123 . Recommended: MATH 370A .
    Numerical modeling of groundwater flow and mass transport. Emphasis is on creation of numerical models from conceptual models of geology derived from geologic mapping and sampling.

    Letter grade only (A-F). (Lecture 3 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs.)
  
  • GEOL 582 - Petroleum Geology and Well Log Analysis


    (4 units)

    Prerequisites: GEOL 240 , GEOL 443 .
    Geological application in exploration and production of petroleum, including uses of surface and subsurface techniques. Basic well logging techniques employed, including data collection, reduction, interpretation, and integration among various logging methods as well as with surface geology and geophysical data.

    (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 6 hrs., field trips.)
  
  • GEOL 586 - Engineering Geophysics


    (3 units)

    Prerequisite/Corequisite: GEOL 460 .

    Applying geophysical techniques to geology and hydrogeology problems. Geophysical techniques, and identification and utilization of specialized techniques. Case histories in site evaluations, subsiding areas, basement topography mapping, seawater problems, water table mapping, groundwater contamination, and subsurface cavities detection.

    Letter grade only (A-F). Course fee may be required. (Lecture 2 hrs., laboratory 3 hrs.; field trips.)
  
  • GEOL 695 - Directed Reading


    (1-3 units)

    Survey of information in published or unpublished geological literature or databases on a designated topic, under the direction of a faculty member. Written reports prepared from these readings.

    Letter grade only (A-F). May be repeated to a maximum of 4 units toward any single degree with different topics in different semesters. Limited to 3 units per semester.
  
  • GEOL 697 - Directed Research


    (1-3 units)

    Prerequisite: Consent of instructor.
    Research on a specific subject in geology. Topic for study to be approved and directed by a faculty member in geological sciences.

    Letter grade only (A-F).
  
  • GEOL 698 - Thesis


    (1-6 units)

    Prerequisites: Advanced to candidacy for M.S. in Geology, consent of Graduate Committee and graduate advisor.
    Either laboratory or field investigations, or both, for a total of six semester units to culminate in an approved thesis.

    Letter grade only (A-F).